OpenEuphoria

1. C-like Structures

• Posted by mattlewis (admin) Jul 08, 2011
• 3115 views

I've been working, lately on developing support for C-like structures (i.e., structures in memory). I've got some code that is functional, though not fully developed, and certainly missing some features. I've posted some binaries. The code is all in the struct branch of the repo. There is a simple unit test (t_memstruct.e) in the tests directory of the repo that actually uses the structures of the euphoria backend symbol table. I've also started work on the documentaion.

There are two new keywords: memstruct and memunion, which basically correspond to their C analogs, struct and union.

I went with a very C-like syntax for declarations. A lot more so than my original posts. I've gotten some criticism for this, but I think it makes sense. These structures are useful for communicating with outside libraries, and when you run into structures, they're likely to be documented and implemented as C structs. So keeping close to C should make it easier for euphoria programmers to communicate with external libraries.

The data types are: char, short, int, long, long long, float, double long double, eudouble and object. The only two that aren't actual C types are eudouble and object. These are meant to make it easier to write portable code, in that eudouble uses the double type of whichever version of euphoria is running (32 bit euphoria still uses 64-bit doubles, but 64-bit euphoria uses 80-bit long doubles). And objects are just integers that are the same size as pointers (which is how euphoria objects are actually implemented).

Basically, to use memstructs, you need a declaration and a pointer (i.e., an atom pointing to some memory). To read or assign from/to the memstruct, a dot notation is used, where the pointer variable comes first, then the name of the memstruct, then the member or members used to access the memory. This removes the requirement to peek/poke and remember offsets. The translator translates these into actual C structs, and so translated memstruct use should be faster than interpreted.

A simple example:

memstruct point 
    int x 
    int y 
end memstruct 
atom ptr = allocate( sizeof( point ) ) 
ptr.point.x = 5 
ptr.point.y = 10 
 
ptr.point.x += ptr.point.y 
 
? ptr.point.x  -- 15 
? ptr.point.*  -- { 15, 10 } 

The last bit, using the asterisk, is something I've been thinking about as serialization of a memstruct. That's an aspect that is definitely not complete, and probably somewhat buggy. I'd also like to do the reverse (i.e., assign all the members of a memstruct at one go), but just haven't gotten there yet.

You can also specify data members to be unsigned or pointers to something. I've changed the C notation a little bit, making pointers a little more obvious:

memstruct foo 
    pointer int bar 
end memstruct 
atom ptr = allocate( sizeof( foo ) ) 
ptr.foo.bar = allocate( 4 ) 
ptr.foo.bar = 100 

Matt

3. Re: C-like Structures

• Posted by mattlewis (admin) Jul 10, 2011
• 2892 views

A memstruct isn't really a data type like a sequence or an atom. It's just a way to access data stored in memory, instead of using a pointer, offsets and peeks and pokes.

63 atom symtab = allocate( 5 * sizeof( symtab_entry ) )\\ 
64 poke( symtab, repeat( 0, 5 * sizeof( symtab_entry ) ) ) \\ 

 
                                 -- peek/poke equivalent (assuming 32-bit eu): 
65 symtab.symtab_entry.obj = 9   -- poke4( symtab + OBJ_OFFSET, 0 ) 
66 symtab.symtab_entry.obj += 5  -- poke4( symtab + OBJ_OFFSET, peek4s( symtab + OBJ_OFFSET ) + 5 ) 
67 symtab.symtab_entry.obj -= 2  -- poke4( symtab + OBJ_OFFSET, peek4s( symtab + OBJ_OFFSET ) - 2 ) 
68 symtab.symtab_entry.obj *= 6  -- poke4( symtab + OBJ_OFFSET, peek4s( symtab + OBJ_OFFSET ) * 6 ) 
69 symtab.symtab_entry.obj /= 3  -- poke4( symtab + OBJ_OFFSET, peek4s( symtab + OBJ_OFFSET ) / 3 ) 

73 symtab.symtab_entry[1].obj = 1\\ 

Good eyes. This is actually something else that comes from C. Basically, you can access pointers in an array like fashion. In this case, symtab holds the pointer. So the above statement is equivalent to:

poke4( symtab + OBJ_OFFSET + sizeof( symtab_entry ), 1 ) 

Matt

5. Re: C-like Structures

• Posted by mattlewis (admin) Jul 13, 2011
• 2853 views

I'd still rather avoid the explicit sizing in euphoria code. I'm interested in hearing what others think.

I'm actually skeptical of being able/needing to have more or less arbitrary byte size elements. Is there any place/language/compiler where this is really used for structures? Also, this would complicate the translator (and, really, the interpreter). You certainly wouldn't be able to natively access odd sized integers.

The currently implemented data types are actually fairly simply implemented in the parser and in the backend and translator. I suspect using arbitrary sizes would be at least as complex, and probably more so, especially taking into account integer sizes that C compilers don't support.

Currently, the size of various types of integers are handled for us automatically by the compiler used to build the interpreter or the translated program. So any weirdness that you get from platform to platform (like different "long int" sizes on Win64 and 64-bit Linux) is handled automatically, without having to figure out sizes. Likewise for pointers.

The one thing that neither scheme would support would be bit fields, which are nonstandard anyways, so I don't think either methodology really has anything to say about those.

Matt

7. Re: C-like Structures

• Posted by SDPringle Jul 14, 2011
• 2797 views

Rather than abandoning EUPHORIA types this could be an extension to the typing system we already have.

type point(atom x) with memstruct  
int x 
int y 
end memstruct 
    -- validate x and y 
    return (x.x > 0) and (x.y > 0) 
end type 
 
point p1 
p1.x = 50 
p1.y = 40 
p1.x =-1 -- type check error! 

With this new system it is easier to access C structures than EUPHORIA sequences. It makes the use of constants to access members of a sequence look clunky.

9. Re: C-like Structures

• Posted by SDPringle Jul 14, 2011
• 2751 views

type point(atom x) with memstruct  
int x 
int y 
end memstruct 
    -- validate x and y 
    return (x.x > 0) and (x.y > 0) 
end type 
 
point p1 
p1.x = 50 
p1.y = 40 
p1.x =-1 -- type check error! 

There are times where we only want the aliases for the members. I agree with that.

Yes, it is different but it seems to go against the spirit of the work to abandon it if we cannot have both at the same time.

I think if type-checking is a good idea for EUPHORIA types, it is a good idea for C types as well. An object can contain most numbers you will think of but not all of these numbers can be correct in all contexts. For example, a point in a display must have positive numbers and must be limited to the size of the display it belongs to.

Once we get all of these ideas worked out this would be nice to do in sequences as well. Instead of always defining constants for members of a sequence.

Shawn Pringle

11. Re: C-like Structures

• Posted by mattlewis (admin) Jul 15, 2011
• 2738 views

I think a better approach might be to keep them separate, but allow memstructs to leverage the type system:

 
type nonnegative_int( object o ) 
    if atom( o ) and o >= 0 then 
        return 1 
    end if 
    return 0 
end type 
 
memstruct nonnegative_point 
    -- and then apply the type either like this: 
    unsigned int x as nonnegative_int 
 
    -- or like this 
    unsigned int as nonnegative_int y 
 
    -- or even 
    unsigned int(nonnegative_int) z 
end memstruct 

Matt

13. Re: C-like Structures

• Posted by petelomax Jul 23, 2011
• 2514 views

    -- assignments will be type checked as nonnegative_int 
    unsigned int as nonnegative_int y 

That would be my preference from the three options you listed. Would it be practical/sensible to also permit:

    -- assignments will be type checked as nonnegative_int 
    nonnegative_int as unsigned int y 

Pete