Wiki Diff EuphoriaAndRaspberryPi, revision #1 to tip
The following is an introduction to building Euphoria (and other software) for your Raspberry Pi. The steps used here should work for other ARM devices as well, including the Nokia N900, B&N Nook Color, etc. This wiki page will not detail how to get started using your Pi, since there are already some excellent tutorials out there. Check out the official Raspberry Pi wiki at [[http://elinux.org/RPi_Hub]] and also the forums at [[http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/index.php]] for some good guides. I will try to give explicit details and examples for all aspects concerning Euphoria.
\\ Thanks, \\
Ira
----
= Getting Started
\\
To get started, we first need to choose a specific distribution to use on the Pi since they have some key differences. This tutorial is based on the Raspbian distribution, since it is currently the officially recommended distribution. Other options include Debian Wheezy, Arch Linux, Fedora, QTonPi, and several more; a complete list is given [[ http://elinux.org/RPi_Distributions |here]]. Whichever your preference, it is important to note if the distribution uses the hard-float (-mfloat-abi=hard) or soft (-mfloat-abi=soft) ABI (Application Binary Interface). The hard-float distributions take advantage of the FPU hardware on the Pi for floating point calculations, making software that use extensive floating point calculations significantly faster. Soft float distributions perform these calculations in software, as the name implies. There is also the soft-fp (-mfloat-abi=softfp) convention, which uses FPU hardware but remains compatible with the soft ABI. A decent explanation is given [[http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=63&t=11177|here]] and [[http://wiki.debian.org/ArmHardFloatPort#Background_information |here]].
Now the easiest way to get Euphoria is to take pre-built binaries which are targeted for your distribution choice, either hard or soft. The link to these binaries are given at the top of page. It is recommended to not mix the binaries (things will usually just break), but the exception is that some soft-float binaries may work fine on a hard-float distribution if the binaries are self-contained and do not depend on any external libraries. ** The current soft-float binaries do not always work correctly on Raspbian. **
Now the easiest way to get Euphoria is to take pre-built binaries which are targeted for your distribution choice, either hard or soft.
Currently, **soft-float** compatible Euphoria binaries are available [[http://openeuphoria.org/eubins/linux/4.1.0/arm-32-bit/eubin-arm-cortex-a8-2012-01-13-ee49c6b8a340.tar.gz|here]]. **Hard float** may be available in the future (will check with Admins). It is recommended to not mix the binaries (things will usually just break), but the exception is that some soft-float binaries may work fine on a hard-float distribution if the binaries are self-contained and do not depend on any external libraries. I have not done extensive testing, but it **appears** that the current soft-float version of Euphoria works on **Raspbian** for most of the demos.
To get started, boot up your PI and login. You can either work in the initial terminal presented or start a graphical sessison (type 'startx') and pull up LXTerminal inside LXDE (your desktop environment).
{{{
-- Download ARM eubins - This link is for the soft-float version!
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ wget http://openeuphoria.org/eubins/linux/4.1.0/arm-32-bit/eubin-arm-cortex-a8-2012-01-13-ee49c6b8a340.tar.gz
= Cross-compiling Euphoria
\\
Before we set up our cross-compiler, now would be a good time to mention how to check binaries for either hard, soft, or soft-fp using the readelf command:
-- Unzip
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ gunzip eubin-arm-cortex-a8-2012-01-13-ee49c6b8a340.tar.gz
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ tar -xvf eubin-arm-cortex-a8-2012-01-13-ee49c6b8a340.tar
<eucode>
readelf -a A_Soft_Program
Attribute Section: aeabi
File Attributes
Tag_CPU_name: "6"
Tag_CPU_arch: v6
Tag_ARM_ISA_use: Yes
Tag_THUMB_ISA_use: Thumb-1
Tag_ABI_PCS_wchar_t: 4
Tag_ABI_FP_denormal: Needed
Tag_ABI_FP_exceptions: Needed
Tag_ABI_FP_number_model: IEEE 754
Tag_ABI_align_needed: 8-byte
Tag_ABI_align_preserved: 8-byte, except leaf SP
Tag_ABI_enum_size: int
Tag_CPU_unaligned_access: v6
Tag_DIV_use: Not allowed
</eucode>
-- Make a new euphoria directory
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ sudo mkdir -p /usr/share/euphoria/bin
-- Change ownership of the euphoria directory to normal users
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ sudo chown -R pi.users /usr/share/euphoria/
-- Copy binary files into euphoria
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ mv *.tar ../.
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ cp * /usr/share/euphoria/bin/.
-- Check current path and add the euphoria bin directory
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ echo $PATH
-> /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ nano ~/.bashrc
-- Add these lines to the end of .bashrc
PATH=$PATH:/usr/share/euphoria/bin
export PATH
-- End of lines to add to .bashrc
-- Update your path so you can use it now
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ source ~/.bashrc
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ echo $PATH
-> /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games:/usr/share/euphoria/bin
-- Check that Euphoria is working
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ eui -v
-> Euphoria Interpreter v4.1.0 development
-> 32-bit Linux, Using System Memory
-> Revision Date: 2012-01-07 12:54:32, Id: 5455:ee49c6b8a340
-- Now lets get the source files so we have includes,demos,tests,etc..
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ mkdir src
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ cd src/
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial/src $ wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/rapideuphoria/files/Euphoria/4.0.5/euphoria-LINUX-4.0.5-src.tar.gz
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial/src $ cp -r euphoria-LINUX-4.0.5/* /usr/share/euphoria/.
}}}
So remember that on Raspbian, the soft-float euphoria binaries will not work correctly when floating points are involved. First, lets show that the binary we have is indeed soft-float and then do an example of why it doesn't work! Code compiled with hard-float will always have the following line in the 'readelf -A' output: "Tag_ABI_VFP_args: VFP registers"
{{{
-- Check eui
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ readelf -A /usr/share/euphoria/bin/eui
<eucode>
readelf -A A_SoftFP_Program
Attribute Section: aeabi
File Attributes
Tag_CPU_name: "6"
Tag_CPU_arch: v6
Tag_ARM_ISA_use: Yes
Tag_THUMB_ISA_use: Thumb-1
Tag_FP_arch: VFPv2
Tag_ABI_PCS_wchar_t: 4
Tag_ABI_FP_denormal: Needed
Tag_ABI_FP_exceptions: Needed
Tag_ABI_FP_number_model: IEEE 754
Tag_ABI_align_needed: 8-byte
Tag_ABI_align_preserved: 8-byte, except leaf SP
Tag_ABI_enum_size: int
Tag_ABI_HardFP_use: SP and DP
-- Check a random binary on your system which is hard float
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ readelf -A /usr/bin/curl
Tag_CPU_unaligned_access: v6
Tag_DIV_use: Not allowed
</eucode>
<eucode>
readelf -A A_Hard_Program
Attribute Section: aeabi
File Attributes
Tag_CPU_name: "6"
Tag_CPU_arch: v6
Tag_ARM_ISA_use: Yes
Tag_THUMB_ISA_use: Thumb-1
Tag_FP_arch: VFPv2
Tag_ABI_PCS_wchar_t: 4
Tag_ABI_FP_denormal: Needed
Tag_ABI_FP_exceptions: Needed
Tag_ABI_FP_number_model: IEEE 754
Tag_ABI_align_needed: 8-byte
Tag_ABI_align_preserved: 8-byte, except leaf SP
Tag_ABI_enum_size: int
Tag_ABI_HardFP_use: SP and DP
Tag_ABI_VFP_args: VFP registers
Tag_DIV_use: Not allowed
}}}
Ok, so lets prove to ourselves that this soft-float eui does not always work correctly when dealing with atoms!
{{{
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ touch cos.ex
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ nano cos.ex
-- Lines to add
include std/io.e
include std/math.e
include std/convert.e
atom angle, degreesToRadians = 3.14159/180.0
sequence params = command_line()
if length(params) = 3 then
angle = to_number(params[3])
else
abort(0)
end if
printf(1,"The cos of %0.2f degrees is %0.6f \n",{angle,cos(angle*degreesToRadians)})
-- End of lines to add
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ eui cos.ex 45
The cos of 45.00 degrees is 6.864136
-- The answer should be: The cos of 45.00 degrees is "0.707107"
}}}
----
= Cross-compiling Euphoria
CrossCompilingRaspberryPiWithoutScratchbox
== With Scratchbox
\\
First, cross-compiling is the process of compiling software for another architecture on your host system. For example on my Ubuntu Linux desktop, I can compile software for my Windoze 7 laptop or my Armv7 Nokia phone. This tutorial will walk through the steps necessary to cross-compile Euphoria for your Raspberry Pi but will also work for compiling any software to another architecture. I prefer using Scratchbox 2; a cross-compiliation engine which neatly handles the cross-compiling process and is very flexible. More info about the project [[http://maemo.gitorious.org/scratchbox2 | here]]. I performed these steps on Ubuntu 12.04 but they should work on most major linux distributions by using your distribution's package manager (apt-get, pacman, yum, etc..). **Please note there are easier methods for cross-compiling** (such as finding a cross-compiler in the Ubuntu repository and using environment variables), but Scratchbox 2 is still my preferred method.
\\
\\
The key idea behind Scratchbox 2 is that we need a basic root file system (rootfs) of our target architecture and a cross-compiler. The rootfs is available from the Raspberry Pi [[http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads | downloads page]]. The cross-compiler we are going to use as freely available from the Raspberry Pi [[ https://github.com/raspberrypi/tools | github page ]].
{{{
-- Install scratchbox2 and qemu. Replace apt-get with your package manager!
[ira ~/Code/sbox2] $ sudo apt-get install scratchbox2 qemu-user qemu-system
-- Setup a directory to work in. I use "image" for downloaded images, "rootfs" to hold the root file system for the Raspberry Pi,
-- and compilers for my cross-compilers
[ira ~/Code/sbox2] $ mkdir images
[ira ~/Code/sbox2] $ mkdir -p rootfs/raspbian
[ira ~/Code/sbox2] $ mkdir compilers
-- We also need a place to mount our images to
[ira ~/Code/sbox2] $ sudo mkdir -p /mnt/img
-- Download the latest Raspbian image. Check the [[http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads | downloads page]] to select another image!
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images] $ wget http://files.velocix.com/c1410/images/raspbian/2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian/2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.zip
-- To be safe, check the sha1sum to ensure the download is correct
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images] $ sha1sum 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.zip
514974a5fcbbbea02151d79a715741c2159d4b0a 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.zip
-- Unzip the image so we can work with it
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images] $ unzip 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.zip
Archive: 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.zip
inflating: 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.img
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images]$ ls
2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.zip 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.img
-- In order to look at only the root file system of the image, we need to find the start of the appropriate sector.
-- I've made a simple script for showing this information called: getImgOffset
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images]$ ./getImgOffset 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.img
Disk 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.img: 1939 MB, 1939865600 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 235 cylinders, total 3788800 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00017b69
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.img1 8192 122879 57344 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.img2 122880 3788799 1832960 83 Linux
-- We can now mount the section of the image that we are interested in
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images]$ ../mountImg 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.img 122880
-- Take a look at the newly mounted system
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images]$ ls /mnt/img/
bin dev home lost+found mnt proc run selinux sys usr
boot etc lib media opt root sbin srv tmp var
-- Lets copy the contents of the rootfs to our rootfs/raspbian folder
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images]$ sudo cp -r /mnt/img ../rootfs/raspbian/.
-- Lets change the ownership of our new folder to a normal user. Use your username instead of 'ira' here!
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images]$ cd ../rootfs
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/rootfs]$ sudo chown -R ira.users raspbian
-- So now that we have the rootfs, lets get a cross-compiler!
-- We will be using the official compiler supplied from the Raspberry Pi website
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images]$ cd ../compilers
-- If you do not have git installed, do so now. Git is a revision control software for managing software projects; other populuar choices are
-- svn and mercurial (mercurial is what Open Euphoria now uses)
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers]$ sudo apt-get install git
-- Get the latest compiler
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ git clone git://github.com/raspberrypi/tools
Cloning into tools...
remote: Counting objects: 11148, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (5753/5753), done.
remote: Total 11148 (delta 6433), reused 9627 (delta 4912)
Receiving objects: 100% (11148/11148), 219.74 MiB | 2.41 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (6433/6433), done.
-- Take a look inside the git repository at the available compilers
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ cd tools/arm-bcm2708/
-- The compiler we want is the "gcc-linaro-arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian"
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ ls
arm-bcm2708hardfp-linux-gnueabi gcc-linaro-arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian arm-bcm2708-linux-gnueabi
}}}
\\
Ok, so now we have all the pieces we need to setup Scratchbox 2! We have the root file system from the Raspbian image from the Raspberry Pi website and also a cross-compiler that can compile binaries that run our Raspberry Pi. We now just need Scratchbox to glue it all together for us.
\\
{{{
-- We need sb2-init to create a new scratchbox environment using the Raspbian img and compiler
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images/rootfs/raspbian ]$ sb2-init -c /usr/bin/qemu-arm raspbianhf /home/ira/Code/sbox/compilers/raspberry-tools/arm-bcm2708/gcc-linaro-arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian/bin/arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc
-- Lets check the version of gcc on the host computer
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ gcc --version
gcc (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.3-1ubuntu5) 4.6.3
Copyright (C) 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
-- Now lets do the same thing but run our commands through Scratchbox. You simply need to append 'sb2' before your command
-- to have it run through the Scratchbox environemnt
-- First, lets see what environments we have to work with!
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ sb2-config -l
n900
raspbianhf
raspbianSoft
squeeze
windoze
-- Set the default target to our raspbian hard float target
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ sb2-config -d raspbianhf
-- Check that it was set correctly
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ sb2-config showtarget
raspbianhf
-- Check the version of gcc again but this time use 'sb2' to run it through Scratchbox
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ sb2 gcc --version
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc (crosstool-NG linaro-1.13.1+bzr2458 - Linaro GCC 2012.08) 4.7.2 20120731 (prerelease)
Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
-- Check to see what specs were used to build this cross-compiler
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ sb2 gcc --version
Target: arm-linux-gnueabihf
Configured with: /cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/.build/src/gcc-linaro-4.7-2012.08/configure --build=i686-build_pc-linux-gnu --host=i686-build_pc-linux-gnu --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --prefix=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/install --with-sysroot=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/install/arm-linux-gnueabihf/libc --enable-languages=c,c++,fortran --disable-multilib --with-arch=armv6 --with-tune=arm1176jz-s --with-fpu=vfp --with-float=hard --with-pkgversion='crosstool-NG linaro-1.13.1+bzr2458 - Linaro GCC 2012.08' --with-bugurl=https://bugs.launchpad.net/gcc-linaro --enable-__cxa_atexit --enable-libmudflap --enable-libgomp --enable-libssp --with-gmp=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/.build/arm-linux-gnueabihf/build/static --with-mpfr=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/.build/arm-linux-gnueabihf/build/static --with-mpc=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/.build/arm-linux-gnueabihf/build/static --with-ppl=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/.build/arm-linux-gnueabihf/build/static --with-cloog=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/.build/arm-linux-gnueabihf/build/static --with-libelf=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/.build/arm-linux-gnueabihf/build/static --with-host-libstdcxx='-L/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/.build/arm-linux-gnueabihf/build/static/lib -lpwl' --enable-threads=posix --disable-libstdcxx-pch --enable-linker-build-id --enable-plugin --enable-gold --with-local-prefix=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/install/arm-linux-gnueabihf/libc --enable-c99 --enable-long-long
Thread model: posix
gcc version 4.7.2 20120731 (prerelease) (crosstool-NG linaro-1.13.1+bzr2458 - Linaro GCC 2012.08)
}}}
\\
So finally, we can build Euphoria (or any other software)
\\
{{{
-- Grab the latest copy of Euphoria from the mercurial repository
[ira ~/Code/sbox2] $ hg clone http://scm.openeuphoria.org/hg/euphoria euphoria
-- Setup Euphoria for Arm on the Raspberry Pi
[ira ~/Code/sbox2] $ cd euphoria/source
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/euphoria/source] $ ./configure arch=ARM
-- Compile Euphoria but send it through Scratchbox to generate Armv6 hard float binaries
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/euphoria/source] $ sb2 make
}}}
Tag_CPU_unaligned_access: v6
Tag_DIV_use: Not allowed
</eucode>
The important lines are the "Tag_ABI_HardFP_use" and "Tag_ABI_VFP_args" which denote -mfloat-abi=soft-fp and -mfloat-abi=hard, respectively.
To be continued...
\\ Thanks, \\
Ira
= Getting Started
\\
To get started, we first need to choose a specific distribution to use on the Pi since they have some key differences. This tutorial is based on the Raspbian distribution, since it is currently the officially recommended distribution. Other options include Debian Wheezy, Arch Linux, Fedora, QTonPi, and several more; a complete list is given [[ http://elinux.org/RPi_Distributions |here]]. Whichever your preference, it is important to note if the distribution uses the hard-float (-mfloat-abi=hard) or soft (-mfloat-abi=soft) ABI (Application Binary Interface). The hard-float distributions take advantage of the FPU hardware on the Pi for floating point calculations, making software that use extensive floating point calculations significantly faster. Soft float distributions perform these calculations in software, as the name implies. There is also the soft-fp (-mfloat-abi=softfp) convention, which uses FPU hardware but remains compatible with the soft ABI. A decent explanation is given [[http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=63&t=11177|here]] and [[http://wiki.debian.org/ArmHardFloatPort#Background_information |here]].
Now the easiest way to get Euphoria is to take pre-built binaries which are targeted for your distribution choice, either hard or soft. The link to these binaries are given at the top of page. It is recommended to not mix the binaries (things will usually just break), but the exception is that some soft-float binaries may work fine on a hard-float distribution if the binaries are self-contained and do not depend on any external libraries. ** The current soft-float binaries do not always work correctly on Raspbian. **
To get started, boot up your PI and login. You can either work in the initial terminal presented or start a graphical sessison (type 'startx') and pull up LXTerminal inside LXDE (your desktop environment).
{{{
-- Download ARM eubins - This link is for the soft-float version!
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ wget http://openeuphoria.org/eubins/linux/4.1.0/arm-32-bit/eubin-arm-cortex-a8-2012-01-13-ee49c6b8a340.tar.gz
-- Unzip
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ gunzip eubin-arm-cortex-a8-2012-01-13-ee49c6b8a340.tar.gz
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ tar -xvf eubin-arm-cortex-a8-2012-01-13-ee49c6b8a340.tar
-- Make a new euphoria directory
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ sudo mkdir -p /usr/share/euphoria/bin
-- Change ownership of the euphoria directory to normal users
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ sudo chown -R pi.users /usr/share/euphoria/
-- Copy binary files into euphoria
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ mv *.tar ../.
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ cp * /usr/share/euphoria/bin/.
-- Check current path and add the euphoria bin directory
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ echo $PATH
-> /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ nano ~/.bashrc
-- Add these lines to the end of .bashrc
PATH=$PATH:/usr/share/euphoria/bin
export PATH
-- End of lines to add to .bashrc
-- Update your path so you can use it now
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ source ~/.bashrc
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ echo $PATH
-> /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games:/usr/share/euphoria/bin
-- Check that Euphoria is working
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ eui -v
-> Euphoria Interpreter v4.1.0 development
-> 32-bit Linux, Using System Memory
-> Revision Date: 2012-01-07 12:54:32, Id: 5455:ee49c6b8a340
-- Now lets get the source files so we have includes,demos,tests,etc..
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ mkdir src
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ cd src/
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial/src $ wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/rapideuphoria/files/Euphoria/4.0.5/euphoria-LINUX-4.0.5-src.tar.gz
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial/src $ cp -r euphoria-LINUX-4.0.5/* /usr/share/euphoria/.
}}}
So remember that on Raspbian, the soft-float euphoria binaries will not work correctly when floating points are involved. First, lets show that the binary we have is indeed soft-float and then do an example of why it doesn't work! Code compiled with hard-float will always have the following line in the 'readelf -A' output: "Tag_ABI_VFP_args: VFP registers"
{{{
-- Check eui
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ readelf -A /usr/share/euphoria/bin/eui
Attribute Section: aeabi
File Attributes
Tag_CPU_name: "6"
Tag_CPU_arch: v6
Tag_ARM_ISA_use: Yes
Tag_THUMB_ISA_use: Thumb-1
Tag_FP_arch: VFPv2
Tag_ABI_PCS_wchar_t: 4
Tag_ABI_FP_denormal: Needed
Tag_ABI_FP_exceptions: Needed
Tag_ABI_FP_number_model: IEEE 754
Tag_ABI_align_needed: 8-byte
Tag_ABI_enum_size: int
Tag_ABI_HardFP_use: SP and DP
-- Check a random binary on your system which is hard float
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ readelf -A /usr/bin/curl
Attribute Section: aeabi
File Attributes
Tag_CPU_name: "6"
Tag_CPU_arch: v6
Tag_ARM_ISA_use: Yes
Tag_THUMB_ISA_use: Thumb-1
Tag_FP_arch: VFPv2
Tag_ABI_PCS_wchar_t: 4
Tag_ABI_FP_denormal: Needed
Tag_ABI_FP_exceptions: Needed
Tag_ABI_FP_number_model: IEEE 754
Tag_ABI_align_needed: 8-byte
Tag_ABI_align_preserved: 8-byte, except leaf SP
Tag_ABI_enum_size: int
Tag_ABI_HardFP_use: SP and DP
Tag_ABI_VFP_args: VFP registers
Tag_DIV_use: Not allowed
}}}
Ok, so lets prove to ourselves that this soft-float eui does not always work correctly when dealing with atoms!
{{{
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ touch cos.ex
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ nano cos.ex
-- Lines to add
include std/io.e
include std/math.e
include std/convert.e
atom angle, degreesToRadians = 3.14159/180.0
sequence params = command_line()
if length(params) = 3 then
angle = to_number(params[3])
else
abort(0)
end if
printf(1,"The cos of %0.2f degrees is %0.6f \n",{angle,cos(angle*degreesToRadians)})
-- End of lines to add
pi@raspberrypi ~/tutorial $ eui cos.ex 45
The cos of 45.00 degrees is 6.864136
-- The answer should be: The cos of 45.00 degrees is "0.707107"
}}}
----
= Cross-compiling Euphoria
CrossCompilingRaspberryPiWithoutScratchbox
== With Scratchbox
\\
First, cross-compiling is the process of compiling software for another architecture on your host system. For example on my Ubuntu Linux desktop, I can compile software for my Windoze 7 laptop or my Armv7 Nokia phone. This tutorial will walk through the steps necessary to cross-compile Euphoria for your Raspberry Pi but will also work for compiling any software to another architecture. I prefer using Scratchbox 2; a cross-compiliation engine which neatly handles the cross-compiling process and is very flexible. More info about the project [[http://maemo.gitorious.org/scratchbox2 | here]]. I performed these steps on Ubuntu 12.04 but they should work on most major linux distributions by using your distribution's package manager (apt-get, pacman, yum, etc..). **Please note there are easier methods for cross-compiling** (such as finding a cross-compiler in the Ubuntu repository and using environment variables), but Scratchbox 2 is still my preferred method.
\\
\\
The key idea behind Scratchbox 2 is that we need a basic root file system (rootfs) of our target architecture and a cross-compiler. The rootfs is available from the Raspberry Pi [[http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads | downloads page]]. The cross-compiler we are going to use as freely available from the Raspberry Pi [[ https://github.com/raspberrypi/tools | github page ]].
{{{
-- Install scratchbox2 and qemu. Replace apt-get with your package manager!
[ira ~/Code/sbox2] $ sudo apt-get install scratchbox2 qemu-user qemu-system
-- Setup a directory to work in. I use "image" for downloaded images, "rootfs" to hold the root file system for the Raspberry Pi,
-- and compilers for my cross-compilers
[ira ~/Code/sbox2] $ mkdir images
[ira ~/Code/sbox2] $ mkdir -p rootfs/raspbian
[ira ~/Code/sbox2] $ mkdir compilers
-- We also need a place to mount our images to
[ira ~/Code/sbox2] $ sudo mkdir -p /mnt/img
-- Download the latest Raspbian image. Check the [[http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads | downloads page]] to select another image!
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images] $ wget http://files.velocix.com/c1410/images/raspbian/2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian/2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.zip
-- To be safe, check the sha1sum to ensure the download is correct
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images] $ sha1sum 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.zip
514974a5fcbbbea02151d79a715741c2159d4b0a 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.zip
-- Unzip the image so we can work with it
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images] $ unzip 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.zip
Archive: 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.zip
inflating: 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.img
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images]$ ls
2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.zip 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.img
-- In order to look at only the root file system of the image, we need to find the start of the appropriate sector.
-- I've made a simple script for showing this information called: getImgOffset
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images]$ ./getImgOffset 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.img
Disk 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.img: 1939 MB, 1939865600 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 235 cylinders, total 3788800 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00017b69
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.img1 8192 122879 57344 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.img2 122880 3788799 1832960 83 Linux
-- We can now mount the section of the image that we are interested in
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images]$ ../mountImg 2012-12-16-wheezy-raspbian.img 122880
-- Take a look at the newly mounted system
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images]$ ls /mnt/img/
bin dev home lost+found mnt proc run selinux sys usr
boot etc lib media opt root sbin srv tmp var
-- Lets copy the contents of the rootfs to our rootfs/raspbian folder
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images]$ sudo cp -r /mnt/img ../rootfs/raspbian/.
-- Lets change the ownership of our new folder to a normal user. Use your username instead of 'ira' here!
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images]$ cd ../rootfs
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/rootfs]$ sudo chown -R ira.users raspbian
-- So now that we have the rootfs, lets get a cross-compiler!
-- We will be using the official compiler supplied from the Raspberry Pi website
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images]$ cd ../compilers
-- If you do not have git installed, do so now. Git is a revision control software for managing software projects; other populuar choices are
-- svn and mercurial (mercurial is what Open Euphoria now uses)
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers]$ sudo apt-get install git
-- Get the latest compiler
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ git clone git://github.com/raspberrypi/tools
Cloning into tools...
remote: Counting objects: 11148, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (5753/5753), done.
remote: Total 11148 (delta 6433), reused 9627 (delta 4912)
Receiving objects: 100% (11148/11148), 219.74 MiB | 2.41 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (6433/6433), done.
-- Take a look inside the git repository at the available compilers
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ cd tools/arm-bcm2708/
-- The compiler we want is the "gcc-linaro-arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian"
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ ls
arm-bcm2708hardfp-linux-gnueabi gcc-linaro-arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian arm-bcm2708-linux-gnueabi
}}}
\\
Ok, so now we have all the pieces we need to setup Scratchbox 2! We have the root file system from the Raspbian image from the Raspberry Pi website and also a cross-compiler that can compile binaries that run our Raspberry Pi. We now just need Scratchbox to glue it all together for us.
\\
{{{
-- We need sb2-init to create a new scratchbox environment using the Raspbian img and compiler
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/images/rootfs/raspbian ]$ sb2-init -c /usr/bin/qemu-arm raspbianhf /home/ira/Code/sbox/compilers/raspberry-tools/arm-bcm2708/gcc-linaro-arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian/bin/arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc
-- Lets check the version of gcc on the host computer
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ gcc --version
gcc (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.3-1ubuntu5) 4.6.3
Copyright (C) 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
-- Now lets do the same thing but run our commands through Scratchbox. You simply need to append 'sb2' before your command
-- to have it run through the Scratchbox environemnt
-- First, lets see what environments we have to work with!
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ sb2-config -l
n900
raspbianhf
raspbianSoft
squeeze
windoze
-- Set the default target to our raspbian hard float target
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ sb2-config -d raspbianhf
-- Check that it was set correctly
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ sb2-config showtarget
raspbianhf
-- Check the version of gcc again but this time use 'sb2' to run it through Scratchbox
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ sb2 gcc --version
arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc (crosstool-NG linaro-1.13.1+bzr2458 - Linaro GCC 2012.08) 4.7.2 20120731 (prerelease)
Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
-- Check to see what specs were used to build this cross-compiler
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/compilers ]$ sb2 gcc --version
Target: arm-linux-gnueabihf
Configured with: /cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/.build/src/gcc-linaro-4.7-2012.08/configure --build=i686-build_pc-linux-gnu --host=i686-build_pc-linux-gnu --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf --prefix=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/install --with-sysroot=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/install/arm-linux-gnueabihf/libc --enable-languages=c,c++,fortran --disable-multilib --with-arch=armv6 --with-tune=arm1176jz-s --with-fpu=vfp --with-float=hard --with-pkgversion='crosstool-NG linaro-1.13.1+bzr2458 - Linaro GCC 2012.08' --with-bugurl=https://bugs.launchpad.net/gcc-linaro --enable-__cxa_atexit --enable-libmudflap --enable-libgomp --enable-libssp --with-gmp=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/.build/arm-linux-gnueabihf/build/static --with-mpfr=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/.build/arm-linux-gnueabihf/build/static --with-mpc=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/.build/arm-linux-gnueabihf/build/static --with-ppl=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/.build/arm-linux-gnueabihf/build/static --with-cloog=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/.build/arm-linux-gnueabihf/build/static --with-libelf=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/.build/arm-linux-gnueabihf/build/static --with-host-libstdcxx='-L/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/.build/arm-linux-gnueabihf/build/static/lib -lpwl' --enable-threads=posix --disable-libstdcxx-pch --enable-linker-build-id --enable-plugin --enable-gold --with-local-prefix=/cbuild/slaves/oort61/crosstool-ng/builds/arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-linux/install/arm-linux-gnueabihf/libc --enable-c99 --enable-long-long
Thread model: posix
gcc version 4.7.2 20120731 (prerelease) (crosstool-NG linaro-1.13.1+bzr2458 - Linaro GCC 2012.08)
}}}
\\
So finally, we can build Euphoria (or any other software)
\\
{{{
-- Grab the latest copy of Euphoria from the mercurial repository
[ira ~/Code/sbox2] $ hg clone http://scm.openeuphoria.org/hg/euphoria euphoria
-- Setup Euphoria for Arm on the Raspberry Pi
[ira ~/Code/sbox2] $ cd euphoria/source
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/euphoria/source] $ ./configure arch=ARM
-- Compile Euphoria but send it through Scratchbox to generate Armv6 hard float binaries
[ira ~/Code/sbox2/euphoria/source] $ sb2 make
}}}
